新型肥料与沼液替代在农业生产中的应用

随着现代农业的发展和农业生产技术的进步，通过探索新型肥料研发与推广、种养循环有机替代、农业生产水肥耦合运筹等新技术新模式，在保障作物稳产增产前提下,实现了减少农业生产投入、降低生产成本、提高生态效益的目标。本文介绍了新型肥料的研发推广和沼液替代化肥研究进展，归纳了新型肥料与沼液替代化肥技术效果，为优化施肥技术的应用提供参考。     

物联网模式下的农业土壤养分监测及施肥系统研究

针对目前国内传统施肥方式中,存在基肥施用量大,盲目施肥,氮、磷、钾单一品种化肥用量过多,导致土壤肥力退化、土壤养分不均衡,影响到农作物增收等现状,借助物联网技术、近红外分析技术、现代通信技术和无线网络技术,选用近红外分析技术和基于FFT算法及小波变换的光谱微弱信号处理方法,实现实时监测土壤养分的变化,全面而准确地掌握农业土壤养分情况,并智能控制自动施肥执行端施肥。为此,进行了样机试制,并运用于不同的农业土壤,包括褐土、红土、黑土等进行养分监测和施肥试验。结果表明:农业土壤养分监测及施肥系统可稳定运行,精准施肥,能满足不同农业土壤的精确施肥。本系统可指导科学施肥,提高农业生产的施肥水平,减少农业污染。     

施肥方式对不同密度下玉米光合生理的影响

为进一步研究玉米品种登海605不同密度和施肥方式对光合生理的影响，挖掘其增产潜力，建立高产栽培模式。本试验设计5个密度处理（D1、D2、D3、D4、D5）、3种施肥方式处理（S1：农大缓释肥、S2：分次施肥、S3：一次性施肥），并对不同处理的光合指标、叶面积指数、光合有效辐射、透光率等指标进行测定，结果表明：不同的施肥方式上层、中层、下层光合指标变化规律表现一致，各层次表现为上层>中层>下层，S2>S1>S3，玉米植株上层无论哪种处理都能获得足够的光能和CO2，光合指标相差不大，适宜的密度和施肥方式将获得更多的光能、有效辐射，合成有机物，形成更多的干物质积累，从而提高产量。     

机械化深施肥技术及推广

机械化深施肥技术是作物施肥作业的技术创新,可提高作业效率、肥料利用率和作物产量.但机械化深施肥技术要达到普及推广,还须采取多种措施:加大推广示范和政策扶持力度,加强深施肥技术的农机与农艺配套研究,研究制定机械施肥作业技术标准;农机制造企业要提高产品性能和质量,提高设备使用的可靠性;同时,化肥生产企业也应参与研究,共同开发与深施技术配套的肥料.     

Design and Experiment of Slave Computer Control System for Applying Variable-rate Liquid Fertilizer

In order to increase the applying rate of liquid fertilizer and reduce environmental pollution, a slave computer control system for applying variable-rate liquid fertilizer was designed. The system used SMC as core processor and electrically controlled pressure regulator as execution component. The characteristic equation of the system was obtained by using classical control theory. Results indicated that the characteristic equation met the requirements of routh-criterion, which indicated the working process of the system was stable. Performance of the slave computer was verified via bench tests. Results demonstrated that there was no significant influence on the response from interclass error. The fertilization error was less than 0.9, and the fertilization accuracy was larger than 97%. The liquid fertilizer emitted by the fertilizing devices had no significant difference in uniformity, which met the demands of the slave computer control system for applying variable-rate liquid fertilizer.     

Response of the soil fungal community to multi-factor environmental changes in a temperate forest

Both environmental and climatic changes are known to influence soil microbial biomes in terrestrial ecosystems. However, there are limited data defining the interactive effects of multi-factor environmental disturbances, including N-deposition, precipitation, and air temperature, on soil fungal communities in temperate forests. A 3-year outdoor pot experiment was conducted to examine the temporal shifts of soil fungal communities in a temperate forest following N-addition, precipitation and air temperature changes. The shifts in the structure and composition of soil fungal communities were characterized by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. N-addition regimen induced significant alterations in the composition of soil fungal communities, and this effect was different at both higher and lower altitudes. The response of the soil fungal community to N-addition was much stronger in precipitation-reduced soils compared to soils experiencing enhanced precipitation. The combined treatment of N-addition and reduced precipitation caused more pronounced changes in the lower altitude versus those in the higher one. Certain fungal species in the subphylum Pezizomycotina and Saccharomycotina distinctively responded to N fertilization and soil water control at both altitudes. Redundancy discrimination analysis showed that changes in environmental factors and soil physicochemical properties explained 43.7% of the total variability in the soil fungal community at this forest ecosystem. Variations in the soil fungal community were significantly related to the altitude, soil temperature, total soil N content (TN) and pH value (P < 0.05). We present evidence for the interactive effects of N-addition, water manipulation and air temperature to reshape soil fungal communities in the temperate forest. Our data could provide new insights into predicting the response of soil micro-ecosystem to climatic changes.     

不同施肥处理对“稻花香”食味的影响

以"稻花香"为供试材料,研究了不同施肥处理(T1,常规处理;T2,豆饼处理;T3,豆饼+麦饭石处理)对稻米食味品质的影响。结果表明,T3处理的整精米率高于T1和T2处理,垩白粒率表现为T3T2T1,而碎米率表现为T3T2T1。从稻米的成分来看,蛋白质含量表现为T1T2T3的倾向,3种处理的直链淀粉含量无显著差异,T3处理的评分极显著高于T1和T2处理,T1和T2处理间差异不显著。淀粉糊化特性方面,最高粘度表现为T2T3T1,崩解值表现为T3T2T1,而消减值表现为T3T2T1。品尝试验中,3个处理在米饭外观上的差异不明显,T2、T3处理的香气与T1处理存在显著差异,T2、T3处理的综合评价值极显著高于T1处理。T2处理的味道、粘度和硬度与T1处理差异不显著,而T3处理的味道和粘度与T1处理存在显著差异。     

基于正交设计的施用硫磺、控水灌溉和施肥对蓝莓生长的影响

旨在优化高寒地区蓝莓栽培模式,利用正交试验研究了施用硫磺、控水和施肥3个因素对大兴安岭地区蓝莓品种‘美登’植株生长的影响。结果表明:3个因素正交处理对蓝莓生长指标的影响程度较大,不同处理之间各生长参数均存在较大的变异幅度,3个因素之间存在明显的互作效应,并且拮抗效应较小。极差分析结果表明,对蓝莓株高、冠幅和枝条长度影响最大的因素为土壤相对含水率,而对枝条粗度影响最大的因素为施肥。3个因素互作下均表现为各因素的3水平或4水平蓝莓生长性状最优,结合各生长参数的变化结果,建议大兴安岭地区蓝莓品种‘美登’施用硫磺量为70~80 g/m2,施硫酸钾复合肥7.5~10 g/株,土壤相对含水率维持在45%~60%。     

The optimal nutrition of maize in the hungarian national long‐term field experimental network

In Hungary, maize is grown on 1 million ha and occupies more than 20% of the arable land. The rich assortment of maize cultivars of different vegetation periods and different responses to nutritional effects, water supply etc. gives the growers the possibility to choose the cultivars suiting best the site characteristics (Jolânkai et al. 1999). Among the cereals maize has the highest genetical potential. To utilize its yield and quality potential, soil types of high nutrient content and regular nutrient supply are required (Gyõrffy, 1979). Both over‐ and under‐fertilization have an unfavourable effect on the yield and quality of maize (Debreczeni, 1985). Crops can be supplied with the appropriate nutrient amounts only with the knowledge of soil characteristics in the different agro‐ecological regions (nutrient content, water supply, soil compactness, pH, nutrient supplying capacity etc.). In Hungary, a network of long‐term field fertilization trials with uniform fertilizer treatments has been maintained at nine experimental sites representing different agro‐ecological regions of the country. This experimental network gives a basis to test the nutrient responses of our main crops and calibrate their optimal nutrient supply (Kismányoky, 1991).     

培肥措施对旱地农田土壤CO2排放和碳库管理指数的影响

阐明长期有机物料施肥下土壤CO₂排放特征及其影响机制以及碳库管理指数对黄土高原旱作农业区固碳减排及施肥模式选择的影响尤为重要。基于2012年设置在陇中黄土高原旱作区的长期定位试验,通过不施肥（CK）、氮肥（NF）、有机肥（OM）、秸秆（ST）、有机肥结合无机肥（OMNF）5个处理,测定并计算了2018年不同施肥措施下全年土壤CO₂排放、作物碳排放效率和碳库管理指数的变化,并运用结构方程模型分析了0~30 cm土壤温度、水分、微生物量碳氮、易氧化有机碳、蔗糖酶、脲酶与土壤CO₂排放速率的关系。结果表明：1）与不施肥相比,秸秆、有机结合无机肥和有机肥处理使生育期土壤CO₂排放平均速率提高了42.72%、30.82%和29.79%,秸秆、有机肥处理分别使生育期土壤CO₂排放量显著提高36.35%、32.45%（P<0.05）,有机结合无机肥处理使碳排放效率显著降低41.10%（P<0.05）;2）有机物料处理均能显著提高0~5 cm土层易氧化有机碳、微生物量碳氮、蔗糖酶活性和碳库管理指数,相比不施肥和氮肥处理,有机结合无机肥处理分别使0~30 cm土壤碳库管理指数提高127.41%,99.33%（P<0.05）;3）结构方程模型表明,环境因子对土壤CO₂排放速率的总解释度为53%,对土壤CO₂排放速率总效应较大的影响因素包括土壤温度（2.36）、微生物量碳（1.59）和土壤水分（1.18）,且均间接地影响着土壤CO₂排放速率,土壤温度促进了微生物量碳和蔗糖酶活性的提高,微生物量碳促进了微生物量氮和易氧化有机碳的增加。综合来看,有机结合无机肥处理可以提升土壤碳库管理指数,保持微生物活性,增加作物产量,降低土壤碳排放效率,是陇中黄土高原旱作农业区比较适宜的农田培肥措施。